Parrenas Response

In "Migrant Filipino Domestic Workers and the Division of Reproductive Labor," Rhacel Salazar Parrenas explained how women's liberation in the US and Italy has has allowed the women in those countries to pursue careers outside of the home only because of their willingness to make other women, in particular, migrant women assume the role of a "reproductive laborer." 

One interesting thing that I found in the article was that over half of the Filipino women in Rome and Los Angeles that were migrant domestic workers actually had college degrees.  It sounds like you need to be successful to migrated out of the Philippines. It cost one woman 5,000 dollars to get a job without a Visa in Italy. A domestic worker in the Philippines only earns about $179/month, so it would be impossible for the low wage Filipino worker to leave; it has to be someone that at one time was able to earn enough money to save the cost of migration. It is a travesty that these educated women are not at home passing down skills to their own children. The educated mothers have left their children at home to learn from less educated  nannies. This would appear to cause some long term societal problems.